Multi-stage debulk and compaction of thick composite repair laminates

ABSTRACT

A method for fabricating a repair laminate for a composite part having an exposed surface includes applying a release film to the exposed surface and forming an uncured ply stack assembly on the release film. The uncured ply stack assembly is formed by forming and compacting a series of uncured ply stacks. The release film and ply stack assembly is then removed from the exposed surface. A bonding material is then applied to the exposed surface, and the uncured ply stack assembly is applied to the bonding material. The ply stack assembly and bonding material are then cured.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to methods of fabricating laminates made from polymeric-matrix composite materials.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART

Parts made from polymeric-matrix composite materials form many components in modern automotive, aeronautical, and marine vehicles, as well as components in many other types of equipment and structures. Such parts may, from time to time, become damaged, thus requiring repair or replacement. It is often required or at least more cost effective to repair a damaged part than to replace the part. Conventional methods of repairing polymeric-matrix composite parts require the use of specialized tooling and double vacuum tool/processes, which require multiple staging operations and cure cycles, or specialized lay-up tools and autoclave processing, which is expensive and often impractical when used to facilitate a repair.

There are many ways to repair damaged polymeric-matrix composite parts that are well known in the art; however, considerable shortcomings remain.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are set forth in the description. However, the invention itself, as well as, a preferred mode of use, and further objectives and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which the leftmost significant digit(s) in the reference numerals denote(s) the first figure in which the respective reference numerals appear, wherein:

FIG. 1 is an elevated side view of uncured plies applied to a composite part according to the method of the present application.

FIG. 2 is an elevated side view of a sealing bag enclosing a ply stack on the composite part according to the method of the present application.

FIG. 3 is an elevated side view of multiple ply stacks on the composite part according to the method of the present application.

FIG. 4 is an elevated side view of a bonding layer disposed between ply stacks and the composite part according to the method of the present application.

FIG. 5 is an elevated side view of a sealing bag enclosing multiple ply stacks on the composite part according to the method of the present application.

FIG. 6 is an elevated side view of a cured composite layer on the composite part according to the method of the present application.

FIG. 7 is an elevated side view of an alternative embodiment of the composite part according to the method of the present application.

While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the description herein of specific embodiments is not intended to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as described herein.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Illustrative embodiments of the invention are described below. In the interest of clarity, not all features of an actual implementation are described in this specification. It will of course be appreciated that in the development of any such actual embodiment, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developer's specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which will vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time-consuming but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure.

The present invention represents a method for multi-stage debulking and compaction of thick composite repair laminates made from one or more polymeric-matrix composite materials. In one embodiment, the method is applied to the repair of an existing composite part. The method provides a composite part meeting the same laminate quality requirements as a thick laminate made using highly-pressurized autoclave processing. For the purposes of this disclosure, the term “thick laminate” means a laminate made from more than about 10 plies of polymeric-matrix composite material.

Referring to FIG. 1 in the drawings, a pre-existing composite part 101 is shown. It should be noted that composite part 101 may be planar or non-planar in form. A layer of release film 103 is applied to composite part 101 and a first plurality of uncured plies 105 (only one labeled in FIG. 1 for clarity) of polymeric-matrix composite material is applied to release film 103. In a preferred embodiment, the number of uncured plies 105 making up the first plurality of uncured plies 105 is no more than about ten plies. The first plurality of uncured plies 105 makes up a first ply stack 107. Uncured plies 105 may comprise “wet lay-up” plies or pre-impregnated, i.e., “pre-preg” plies.

Referring now to FIG. 2, bleeder material (not shown) and a sealing bag 201 is applied over first ply stack 107 and release film 103 in a conventional manner. Sealing bag 201 is attached to an exposed surface 203 of composite part 101 to create a substantially air tight seal between exposed surface 203 and sealing bag 201. A vacuum port 205 extends through sealing bag 201 to allow gases to be withdrawn from sealing bag 201 within the substantially air tight seal between sealing bag 201 and exposed surface 203. A vacuum assembly (not shown) is attached to vacuum port 205, which evacuates gases, as represented by arrow 207, from within the sealed volume of sealing bag 201. In a preferred embodiment, vacuum at a level of two to three inches of mercury is applied to the sealed volume of sealing bag 201. In addition to applying vacuum, a heat source 209 heats at least first ply stack 107 to a desired debulking and compaction temperature. In a preferred embodiment, sufficient heat is applied to first ply stack 107 by heat source 209 to raise the temperature of first ply stack 107 to a temperature of about 125 degrees Fahrenheit. First ply stack 107 is maintained at the desired temperature, e.g., about 125 degrees Fahrenheit, under vacuum, e.g., about one to two inches of mercury, for a time period sufficient to debulk and partially compact first ply stack 107. In a preferred embodiment, first ply stack 107 is maintained at the desired temperature and under vacuum for about one hour. Subsequently, first ply stack 107 is preferably maintained at the desired temperature under full vacuum, e.g., about 28 inches of mercury, for a period of time of about 30 minutes to further compact first ply stack 107. After the desired period of debulking and compaction time, sealing bag 201, the breather material, and any other ancillary processing materials are removed from first ply stack 107 and composite part 101. First ply stack 107 is now debulked and compacted.

It should be noted that the debulking and compaction temperature is a temperature below a curing temperature of the polymer-matrix composite material.

Referring now to FIG. 3, a plurality of ply stacks, such as first ply stack 107, a second ply stack 301, and a third ply stack 303, are combined to form a ply stack assembly 305. Ply stack assembly 305 may comprise any suitable, desired number of ply stacks, such as ply stacks 107, 301, and 303. In the illustrated embodiment, second ply stack 301 is formed by applying a plurality of plies, preferably no more than about ten plies, to first ply stack 107. A bag, such as sealing bag 201, is then applied to first ply stack 107 and second ply stack 301. Vacuum and heat are then applied to bagged first ply stack 107 and second ply stack 301 according to the method described herein concerning FIG. 2. Third ply stack 303, as well as any desired ply stacks in addition to third ply stack 303, are formed by the same method as second ply stack 301.

Referring to FIG. 4, release film 103 (shown in FIGS. 1-3) is removed and replaced with a bonding material 401. Bonding material 401 is disposed between ply stack assembly 305 and exposed surface 203 of composite part 101. Note that in this one method of bonding ply stack assembly 305 to exposed surface 203. Bonding material 401 also includes, and is not limited to: a layer of adhesive paste or a layer of adhesive film disposed between ply assembly 305 and exposed surface 203; and/or, adhesive material disposed within ply stack assembly 305.

As depicted in FIG. 5, bleeder material and a sealing bag 501 is applied over ply stack assembly 305 and bonding material 401 in a conventional manner. Sealing bag 501 is attached to exposed surface 203 of composite part 101 to create a substantially air tight seal between exposed surface 203 and sealing bag 501. A vacuum port 503 extends through sealing bag 501 to allow gases to be withdrawn from sealing bag 501 within the substantially air tight seal between sealing bag 501 and exposed surface 203. A vacuum assembly (not shown) is attached to vacuum port 503, which evacuates gases, as represented by arrow 505, from within the sealed volume of sealing bag 501. In a preferred embodiment, full vacuum, e.g., about 28 inches of mercury, is applied to the sealed volume of sealing bag 501. In addition to applying vacuum, a heat source 507 heats at least ply stack assembly 305 to a desired curing temperature, which is dependent upon the particular composite material being used. In one embodiment, sufficient heat is applied to ply stack assembly 305 by heat source 507 to raise the temperature of ply stack assembly 305 to a temperature of about 250 degrees Fahrenheit. Ply stack assembly 305 is maintained at the desired temperature under full vacuum for a time period sufficient to sufficiently cure ply stack assembly 305 and bonding material 401 to form composite laminate 601, shown in FIG. 6. In a preferred embodiment, ply stack assembly 305 is maintained at the desired temperature and under vacuum for about two hours. After the desired curing time, sealing bag 501, the breather material, and any other ancillary processing materials are removed from composite laminate 601, as depicted in FIG. 6. The cured ply stack assembly 305 and the previous composite part 101 now form parts of composite laminate 601, as the cured ply stack assembly 305 is adhesively bonded to the pre-existing form of composite part 101.

It should be noted that the present method may also be applied to the fabrication of a new composite part, rather than to the repair of a composite part. For example, composite part 101 may be replaced with a lay-up tool. Release film 103 is not replaced with bonding material 401 prior to curing ply stack assembly 305, so cured composite laminate 601 can be removed from the lay-up tool.

It should also be noted that a damaged composite part 701, shown in FIG. 7, may be machined or scarfed to define a recess 703 into which a ply stack assembly 705 is received, cured, and adhesively bonded to composite part 701 to form composite laminate 707.

The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the invention may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. It is therefore evident that the particular embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the protection sought herein is as set forth in the description. It is apparent that an invention with significant advantages has been described and illustrated. Although the present invention is shown in a limited number of forms, it is not limited to just these forms, but is amenable to various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit thereof. 

1. A method for fabricating a repair laminate for a composite part having an exposed surface, comprising: preparing a damaged surface on the exposed surface of the composite part for fabricating the repair laminate thereon; applying a release film to the damaged surface; applying a first ply stack to the release film, the first ply stack consists of a first plurality of uncured plies, the first ply stack being applied onto the release film so as to substantially conform to the contouring of the damaged surface; and wherein the first ply stack contacts the release film in contact with the damaged surface; compacting the first plurality of uncured plies; applying a second ply stack to the first ply stack, the second ply stack consists of a second plurality of uncured plies, the second ply stack being applied so as to substantially match the contouring of the damaged surface, the second ply stack being applied directly on the compacted first plurality of uncured plies; compacting the second plurality of uncured plies; removing the release film and the first and second ply stacks from the composite part; applying bonding material to the exposed surface; applying an uncured ply stack assembly comprising the first and second ply stacks to the bonding material on the exposed surface; and curing the uncured ply stack assembly and bonding material; wherein the first ply stack is compacted prior to the second ply stack being applied and subsequently compacted; and wherein the temperature during compacting is below a curing temperature.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second pluralities of uncured plies includes polymeric-matrix composite materials.
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second ply stacks comprises fewer than ten uncured plies.
 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compacting of the first ply stack includes at least partially enclosing the first ply stack within a sealing bag and attaching the sealing bag to the exposed surface to create an air tight seal around the first ply stack.
 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the compacting of the first ply stack includes evacuating gases from within the sealing bag.
 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the compacting of the first ply stack includes increasing vacuum pressure within the sealing bag to a first pressure level for a first predetermined amount of time.
 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the compacting of the first ply stack includes increasing vacuum pressure within the sealing bag to a second pressure level for a second predetermined amount of time.
 8. The method according to claim 4, wherein the compacting of the first ply stack includes increasing the temperature within the sealing bag to a first temperature for a first predetermined amount of time.
 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compacting of the first ply stack includes increasing the temperature of the first ply stack to a first temperature for a first predetermined amount of time.
 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the curing of the uncured ply stack assembly includes: at least partially enclosing the ply stack assembly within a sealing bag and attaching the sealing bag to the exposed surface to create an air tight seal around the ply stack assembly; increasing vacuum pressure within the sealing bag; and increasing the temperature within the sealing bag to the curing temperature.
 11. A method for fabricating a repair laminate for a composite part having an exposed surface, comprising: preparing a damaged surface on the exposed surface of the composite part for fabricating the repair laminate thereon; applying a release film to the damaged surface; forming an uncured ply stack assembly that consists of a plurality of uncured ply stacks, the forming of the uncured ply stack assembly including, for each uncured ply stack: forming the uncured ply stack over the damaged surface, the ply stack being applied so as to substantially conform to the contouring of the damaged surface, the uncured ply stack consisting of a plurality of uncured plies; and applying a vacuum and heat below a curing temperature to the thus formed uncured ply stack prior to forming another uncured ply stack over the exposed surface, wherein a first-formed ply stack is applied to contact the release film and the release film contacts the damaged surface, and wherein each subsequently-formed ply stack is applied to a previously-formed ply stack; removing the release film and the uncured ply stack assembly from the composite part; applying bonding material to the exposed surface; applying the uncured ply stack assembly to the bonding material on the exposed surface; and curing the uncured ply stack assembly and bonding material; wherein the first ply stack is compacted prior to the subsequent ply stack being applied and subsequently compacted.
 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein at least one of the plurality of uncured ply stacks includes one or more uncured plies comprising polymeric-matrix composite materials.
 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein at least one of the uncured ply stacks comprises fewer than ten uncured plies.
 14. The method according to claim 11, wherein the forming of the uncured ply stack assembly further includes, for each uncured ply stack, at least partially enclosing the uncured ply stack within a sealing bag and attaching the sealing bag to the exposed surface to create an air tight seal around the uncured ply stack.
 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the applying of the vacuum includes evacuating gases from within the sealing bag.
 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the applying of the vacuum includes increasing vacuum pressure within the sealing bag to a first pressure level for a first predetermined amount of time.
 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the applying of the vacuum includes increasing vacuum pressure within the sealing bag to a second pressure level for a second predetermined amount of time.
 18. The method according to claim 14, wherein the applying of the heat includes increasing the temperature within the sealing bag to a first temperature for a first predetermined amount of time.
 19. The method according to claim 11, wherein the applying of the heat includes increasing the temperature of the ply stack to a first temperature for a first predetermined amount of time.
 20. The method according to claim 11, wherein the curing of the uncured ply stack assembly includes: at least partially enclosing the uncured ply stack assembly within a sealing bag and attaching the sealing bag to the exposed surface to create an air tight seal around the uncured ply stack assembly; increasing vacuum pressure within the sealing bag; and increasing the temperature within the sealing bag to the curing temperature. 